Define Incidental Learning

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Following directly from the work of Dewey, David Kolb also expounded experiential learning. For Kolb there are four elements in a cycle which are required for learning to take place. The four elements are 1) Concrete experiences which form the basis for 2) Observation and reflection. These reflections are converted into 3) abstract concepts and these concepts are 4) finally tested out in new situations.  [Read more]

Maslow and Rogers both posited humanistic theories. They relate to creating the best possible environment, both internally and externally for the student in order for them to learn most effectively. In the EFL classroom it is a learner-centered approach, with the learner having some say in how learning should take place. The teacher should facilitate such a learning environment.  [Read more]

Learning Grammar - English as a Second Language Basics Several months ago during a dinner date, my friends commented on the articulation and enunciation of my speech. They said that they were not accustomed to hearing such language outside of a classroom environment. They suggested that I use utilize this natural ability to teach young children in a formal environment. However, I was deeply entrenched in the business realm and I could not fathom the thought of switching careers at this point in my life. It took a year working abroad in South Korea to reassure myself that a real need was present for my talents. I noticed the true motivation of my South Korean friends to learn the English language. They could readily identify and pronounce certain things but they were hesitant to speak for...  [Read more]

The theory suggested that most learning occurs as a result of imitation. The theory comprised four main elements:. attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. Through observation and imitation of role models we learn how to behave. The main criticism of this theory is that it ignores any genetic traits.  [Read more]

Learning Teaching Skills Teaching is a challenging job not only because of the bulk of responsibility of training the students to be academically able but also because of the fact that somehow, we are expected to take part in preparing them to be socially and emotionally stable. In class, how can we let the students recognize that it is not just the quantity of instruction that is essential but they, themselves are? What skills should we learn as teachers so that we can meet this challenge that is put onto our hands? The following ideas have been tried, proven, and practical teaching techniques that may answer the above concern. Utilizing the above teaching skills demonstrates the goal of authentic teachers: that they “… teach from the heart not from the book.” (author unknown)...  [Read more]

Concerns of Learning Tesol Via The Internet Having moved to Indonesia to be with my Indonesian wife, I found it impossible to obtain work without a piece of paper qualifying me for something. This stipulation, a Government requirement, made life very difficult to settle in this foreign country. My options where very limited although my training as a music teacher inspired me to consider learning a certificate in English. I had 2 major concerns here and one was that my Educational background is extremely limited and the second was cost and time learning in Australia. Numerous phone calls where made to various institutions around Australia and none suited my needs. When I asked if I should study via the internet it was suggested that I could loose my money and the certificate would be...  [Read more]

A mix of online and in-person learning within an overall course of study. Read more: As the use of online teaching increases worldwide, courses are now making use of a mixture of onsite and online course delivery. Any course which involves both the modalities can be classified as blended learning.  [Read more]

A teacher-led teaching methodology. In deductive learning the teaching is said to be didactic, which is more a form of lecturing. For language learners general rules about the language are given by the teachers with examples to show how they work. From this basis more specific rules are generated, as the language complexity increases.  [Read more]

A learning strategy is a set of skills or procedures that learners can use to aid the process of learning. An example of a learning strategy to enhance learning from reading could be the SQ3R technique. This learning strategy involves a five step process: 1) scan the material to be studied; 2) create questions from the scan which you want to answer; 3) read the text and answer the questions; 4) recite or put those answers into your own words); and 5) review.  [Read more]

The subject of much debate, adherents suggest that individuals have a preferred learning style and teachers should deliver their lessons with these in mind. Critics argue that preferred learning styles have been over-exaggerated and that traditional style approaches are more effective.  [Read more]

C. Rogers was developing ideas continuing on from the likes of Dewey and Montessori. The main theme is that of self directed learning. There were a number of important elements to Rogers’s experiential learning model. These can be summarized as: The learner decides they want to learn something (self directed) which gives them a sense of ownership in the learning process (personal). The learning is significant in that it changes behavior and this is recognized (evaluated) by the learner. Finally the whole learning experience creates ‘meaning’ to the learner.  [Read more]

  Before looking at the methods or approaches themselves, there are some terms that we need to define. These are the approach, the method or the technique. Basically, these are hierarchical. The approach is an overriding set of principles that a method can actually make use of, whereas the technique are the things that we actually do in the classroom to approach that method. So, these three words are going to appear during the presentation. Again, for each of either the approaches all the methodologies we're going to ask four questions. So be it an approach or a method for each of those things: Where did it come from? What's its background? What does it involve when we're talking about actually in the classroom, in other words techniques? What is positive about it? What appears to...  [Read more]

This is a learning styles theory which categorizes possible preferred leaning styles into three areas: Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic. The terms relate to Visual, what we see helps us learn, such as pictures, videos, diagrams and charts. Auditory, what we hear helps us learn, such as speech, sounds and audio information. Kinesthetic, movement and motion helps us learn, such as practical activities, touching and miming.  [Read more]

Honey and Mumford identified four distinct learning styles: Activist, Pragmatist, Reflector and Theorist. Although we tend to have a mixture of these learning styles many of us have one preferred learning style. Knowing which learning style is best for us can be a useful tool in designing our own learning methods. A simple questionnaire can be used to determine a preferred learning style.  [Read more]

Learning Difficulties “Makaton is a unique language programme offering a structured multi-modal approach, using signs and symbols, for the teaching of communication, language and literacy skills for people with communication and learning difficulties.” The methodology of TESOL is, I am told, directly transferable to the teaching of any subject or skill. I am going to consider whether this methodology is an efficient and appropriate way to teach Makaton to Down’s people, who have often failed to develop their mother tongue adequately. Adults with Down’s Syndrome often fail to develop language “naturally”. There are many reasons for this. Structurally they may have some hearing loss due to narrow ear canals and they may find the formation of sounds difficult because of their...  [Read more]

Suggests that language is learnt orally, by imitation, repetition and rewards. (see B.F Skinner for a more general description) The theory makes use of the general idea that any learning makes use of imitation and habit formation. One of the best examples of a behaviorist teaching method is Audio Lingualism.  [Read more]

A teaching method which focuses on task completion rather than accuracy of language used. As a communicative methodology this method makes the successful language use outcome of the task, for example, buying a train ticket, the most important aspect. Communication competence is the goal.  [Read more]

Inductive learning uses many examples for learners to generate rules from the patterns seen, as opposed to the other way round which is ‘deductive’. Linked to the idea of a facilitator rather than didactic teaching. The students make use of their current knowledge and apply that to new situations to develop the rules of language.  [Read more]

Computer Aided Language Learning With the advent of the internet and its increasing importance in the classroom, Computer Aided Language Learning, or CALL, has become a viable and useful source for both teachers and students. CALL first became prevalent in US classrooms in the late 1070’s. Since its introduction it has gone from a primitive, structured Q&A program, to full-fledged language programs such as Rosetta stone. Although programs like Rosetta Stone have experienced success, many experts believe that CALL should be used to augment rather than replace face-to-face learning environments. This was one of the big questions facing ESL teachers in the late 90s, how to integrate CALL and its resulting technological concerns successfully into the classroom. Such things as whether an...  [Read more]