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Multiple IntelligenceHoward Gardner has questioned the idea that intelligence is a single entity, that it results from a single factor, and that it can be measured simply via IQ tests. He viewed intelligence as the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting. He initially formulated a list of seven intelligences. His listing was provisional. The first two have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what he called personal intelligences. The following is a description of each: Linguistic Intelligence This involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and language as a means to remember information. Writers, poets, lawyers, and speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic intelligence. Logical – Mathematical Intelligence This consists of the capacity to analyse problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. It entails the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively, and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking. Musical Intelligence This involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. It encompasses the capacity to recognise and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. According to Howard Gardner musical intelligence runs in an almost structural parallel to linguistic intelligence. Bodily – Kinaesthetic Intelligence This entails the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems. It is the ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements. Howard Gardner sees mental and physical activity as related. Spatial Intelligence This involves the potential to recognise and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas. Interpersonal Intelligence This is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Educators, salespeople, religious and political leaders, and counsellors all need a well-developed interpersonal intelligence. Intrapersonal Intelligence This entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears, and motivations. In Howard Gardner’s view it involves having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives. Further Multiple Intelligence Ideas Howard Garner claimed that the seven intelligences rarely operate independently. They are used at the same time and tend to complement each other as people develop skills or solve problems. He argued that people possess a basic set of intelligences and everyone has a unique blend of the different intelligences. These intelligences, according to him are amoral – they can be put to constructive or destructive use. Since Howard Gardner’s original listing of the intelligences there has been a great deal of discussion as to other possible candidates for inclusion (and exclusion). Subsequent research and reflection by Howard Gardner and his colleagues has looked to four particular possibilities: a naturalist intelligence, a spiritual intelligence, an existential intelligence, and a moral intelligence. He has concluded that the first of these merits addition to the list of the original seven intelligences. Naturalist Intelligence This enables human beings to recognise, categorise, and draw upon certain features of the environment. It combines a description of the core ability with a characterisation of the role that many cultures value. Spiritual Intelligence According to Howard Gardner there are problems around the content of spiritual intelligence, its privileged but unsubstantiated claims with regard to truth value, and the need for it to be partially identified through its effect on other people. Existential Intelligence This is defined as a concern with ultimate issues. Howard Gardner argues that it scores reasonably well on the criteria. Moral Intelligence Central to a moral domain, Howard Gardner suggests, is a concern with those rules, behaviours, and attitudes that govern the sanctity of life – in particular, the sanctity of human life and, in many cases, the sanctity of any other living creatures and the world they inhabit. Multiple Intelligence - EFL Teaching Considerations When making a lesson plan all of the different intelligences of the students should be considered where possible. A variety of different lesson plans should be used and different activities organised to cater for all of them. Creative lesson plans are necessary because only the students who are linguistically or logically – mathematically intelligent will learn in a normal classroom setting.